Strings

• type name

  char[]	C
  char const[]	C++
  string	C#, C++, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Pike, YCP
  string!	Rebol
  String	Ada, C#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  STRING	Eiffel
  str	YAML
  Str	Perl6, Pliant
  NSString *	Objective-C
  CHAR, VARCHAR(size)	SQL92

• character type name

  char	C, C#, C++, OCaml
  char!	Rebol
  Char	Haskell, merd, Perl6
  Character	Ada, Smalltalk
  CHARACTER	Eiffel

• character "z"

  'z'	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, Haskell, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Pike
  "z"	BourneShell, Classic REXX, Maple, merd
  "z	Logo
  $z	Smalltalk
  #\z	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #"z"	Rebol
  &z	Oz
  ?z	Emacs Lisp, Ruby

• strings

  verbatim

  '...'	Beta, BourneShell, Classic REXX, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, SQL92, XPath, YAML
  "..."	Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, FL, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Modula-3, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, XPath, YAML, YCP
  "...	Logo
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  <<'MARK' ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl, Ruby
  {...{...}...}	Tcl
  (...)	PostScript
  q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../	Ruby
  q(...(...)...)	merd
  @"...""..."	C#
  @"..."	Objective-C

  with interpolation

  "... $v ..."	BourneShell, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Tcl
  "... {v} ..."	merd
  "... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..."	Ruby
  <<MARK ... $v ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl
  <<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK	Ruby
  <<<MARK ... $v ... MARK	PHP
  [ subst {...{... $v ...}...} ]	Tcl
  qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../	Ruby
  qq(...(... {v} ...)...)	merd
  "... %(v)s ..." % vars()	Python

  end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character)

  "\n"	C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
  "*n"	B, BCPL
  "%N"	Eiffel
  "^/"	Rebol
  "~%"	Common Lisp
  "[lf]"	Pliant
  vb_nl	Visual Basic

• multi-line

  all strings allow multi-line strings	Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Ruby, Scheme, YCP
  @"..."	C#
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  {...}	Rebol
  "...\n" "...\n"	C
  ... "...\n\ \...\n"	Haskell
  "...", "..."	Classic REXX
  "...%N% %...%N"	Eiffel

• convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)

  show	Haskell
  to_s, to_str, inspect, String()	Ruby
  to_string	merd, Pliant
  tostring	Lua, YCP
  toString	Java, JavaScript
  ToString	C#
  String	JavaScript
  perl	Perl6
  Dumper	Perl
  "" . e	Perl
  "" ~ e	Perl6
  "" + e	E, Java, JavaScript
  string	Pliant
  str, `e`, repr	Python
  out	Eiffel
  cvs	PostScript
  'Image	Ada
  asString printString	Smalltalk
  as(<string>, e)	Dylan
  (string) e	Pike
  convert(e,string)	Maple
  (coerce e 'string)	Common Lisp
  prin1-to-string	Emacs Lisp
  to string! / to-string / to ""	Rebol
  description	Objective-C

• serialize (marshaling)

  export-clixml	MSH
  Marshal.to_string	OCaml
  Marshal.dump	Ruby

• unserialize (un-marshaling)

  import-clixml	MSH
  Marshal.from_string	OCaml
  Marshal.load	Ruby

• sprintf-like

  sprintf	Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  %	Python, Ruby
  format	Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28
  Format	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  stringWithFormat	Objective-C

• simple print

  on strings

  puts	C, Dylan
  print	Awk, Basic, Java, Maple, merd, PHP, SML
  write	JavaScript, Pascal, Pike, Yorick
  putStr	Haskell
  print_string	OCaml
  console	Pliant
  writeln	JavaScript, Pascal
  write-string	Common Lisp
  putStrLn	Haskell
  Put_Line	Ada
  display	Cobol
  message	Emacs Lisp
  put_string	Eiffel
  show	Smalltalk
  print_endline	OCaml
  println	Java, merd
  put_chars	Erlang
  echo	BourneShell, PHP
  emit	Forth
  putText	Beta
  say	Classic REXX

  on simple objects

  print	Perl, Perl6
  say	Perl6
  puts	Tcl

  on any objects

  print	Logo, Ruby
  print	Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol
  prin	Rebol
  Put	Ada
  p	Ruby
  puts	Ruby
  display	Scheme
  write	Common Lisp, Prolog, Scheme
  print	Common Lisp
  princ prin1	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  WriteLine	C#
  nothing - just remove ";" at the end of the expression, and it will print it	Matlab
  disp	Matlab

  printf-like

  printf	Awk, C, C++, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby
  write	Pike
  WriteLine	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  format	Common Lisp, Prolog

• string equality & inequality

  eq ne	Perl, Perl6, Tcl
  strcmp	C, Matlab
  == !=	JavaScript, Pike
  isEqualToString	Objective-C
  = \=	Prolog
  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  = !=	BourneShell, Maple, XPath
  = /=	Ada
  = \=	Classic REXX
  = <>	Beta, OCaml, Pliant, SML, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == \== or = <> \=	Classic REXX
  == ~=	Matlab
  equal?	Ruby, Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal, equalp	Common Lisp
  is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• string size

  length	Awk, Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby
  LENGTH	Classic REXX
  'Length	Ada
  length?	Rebol
  size	C++, E, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  Length	C#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal
  len	Pliant, Python, Visual Basic
  strlen	C, PHP
  string-length	Scheme, XPath
  sizeof	Pike
  count	Eiffel, Logo
  bytes chars	Perl6
  CHARACTER_LENGTH	SQL92
  atom_length	Prolog

• string concatenation

  +	C#, C++, E, Eiffel, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP
  .	Perl, PHP
  ,	Smalltalk
  ..	Lua
  ~	Perl6
  &	Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic
  ^	OCaml, SML
  _	MUMPS
  ||	Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, Maple, PL/I, SQL92
  ++	Haskell
  $a$b	BourneShell, Tcl
  concatenate	Common Lisp, Dylan
  string-append	Scheme
  cat	Maple
  Cat	Modula-3
  strcat	C
  concat	XPath
  append	Beta, Prolog, Rebol
  stringByAppendingString	Objective-C
  	Awk, Classic REXX
  [string1 string2]	Matlab
  word	Logo

• duplicate n times

  *	Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby
  x	Perl, Perl6
  times	merd
  repeat	Pliant
  str_repeat	PHP
  string repeat	Tcl
  strrep	Lua
  repmat	Matlab
  insert/dup	Rebol
  COPIES	Classic REXX
  cat(s$n)	Maple

• upper / lower case character

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  upper / lower	Lua, Matlab, Pliant, Python
  toUpper / toLower	Haskell
  to_upper / to_lower	Eiffel
  To_Upper / To_Lower	Ada
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	E, Java, JavaScript
  upper_case / lower_case	Pike
  uppercase / lowercase	Logo, OCaml
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, Oz
  toupper / tolower	Awk, C, C++
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Smalltalk
  upCase / lowCase	Beta
  uppercase form / lowercase form	Rebol
  char-upcase / char-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  char_type(C_, to_upper(C)), char_type(C_, to_lower(C))	Prolog

• uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  upper / lower	Matlab, Python, SQL92
  uppercase/lowercase	Logo, OCaml, Rebol
  upcase_atom/downcase_atom	Prolog
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	E, Java, JavaScript
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#
  to_upper / to_lower	Ada, Eiffel
  toupper / tolower	Awk, YCP
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  UpperCase / LowerCase	Pascal
  StringTools[UpperCase] / StringTools[LowerCase] / StringTools[Capitalize]	Maple
  uppercaseString / lowercaseString / capitalizedString	Objective-C
  UCase / LCase	Visual Basic
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  string-upcase / string-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Smalltalk
  upcase_atom / downcase_atom	Prolog
  makeLC / makeUC	Beta
  parse upper var in_var out_var / parse lower var in_var out_var	Classic REXX

• ascii to character

  chr	Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML
  chr$	Visual Basic
  char	Matlab
  format %c $c	Tcl
  toChar	E
  strchar	Lua
  from_integer	Eiffel
  fromCharCode	JavaScript
  character	Pliant
  Character value: c	Smalltalk
  code-char	Common Lisp
  integer->char	Scheme
  'Val	Ada
  (char) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to char! / to-char	Rebol
  X2C, D2C	Classic REXX
  $CHAR(s)	MUMPS
  char_code	Prolog
  ascii	Logo
  StringTools[Char]	Maple

• character to ascii

  ord	Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML
  asc	Visual Basic
  getNumericValue	Java
  charCodeAt	JavaScript
  asciiValue	Smalltalk
  code	Eiffel, OCaml
  char-code	Common Lisp
  char->integer	Scheme
  s[0]	Ruby
  s 0 get	PostScript
  scan $s %c	Tcl
  strbyte	Lua
  toInteger	E
  'Pos	Ada
  number	Pliant
  (int) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to integer! / to-integer	Rebol
  C2X, C2D	Classic REXX
  $ASCII(s)	MUMPS
  (done automatically when applying mathematical operations on char, such as +)	Matlab
  char	Logo
  char_code	Prolog
  StringTools[Ord]	Maple

• accessing n-th character

  s[n]	C, C#, C++, E, Maple, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  s(n)	Ada, Matlab
  s:n	Pliant
  s.[n]	OCaml
  s !! n	Haskell
  s @ n	Eiffel
  s/:n	Rebol
  string index s n	Tcl
  sub	SML
  char, aref, schar, svref	Common Lisp
  GetChar	Modula-3
  at	C++, Smalltalk
  aref	Common Lisp
  char(s, i)	B
  charAt	Java, JavaScript
  characterAtIndex	Objective-C
  n -> s.inxGet	Beta
  string-ref	Scheme
  $EXTRACT(s, n)	MUMPS
  item	Logo

• extract a substring

  s[n..m]	Maple, Pike, Ruby
  s(n..m)	Ada
  s(n:m)	Matlab
  s(n,m+1)	E
  s[n:m+1]	Python
  s[n,len]	Ruby
  s n len	Pliant
  strndup(s + n, len)	C
  substring	Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP
  Substring	C#
  substr	C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  SUBSTR	Classic REXX
  sub	OCaml
  SUB	Modula-3
  subseq	Common Lisp
  slice	JavaScript
  mid$	JavaScript
  range	Tcl
  copy/part at s n len	Rebol
  copy/part at s n at s m	Rebol
  s copyFrom: n to: m	Smalltalk
  (n,m)->s.sub	Beta
  [s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)]	Objective-C
  SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)	SQL92
  $EXTRACT(s, n, m)	MUMPS
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog

• locate a substring

  index	Ada, C, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  indexOf	Java, JavaScript
  IndexOf	C#
  startOf	E
  search	Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript
  StringTools[Search]	Maple
  strstr strchr	C
  find	Logo, Python, Rebol, YCP
  strfind	Matlab
  $FIND	MUMPS
  index_non_blank / find_token	Ada
  substring_index	Eiffel
  rangeOfString	Objective-C
  POS	Classic REXX
  POSITION(needle IN s)	SQL92
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog

• locate a substring (starting at the end)

  rindex	C, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  rfind	C++, Python
  find/last	Rebol
  strrchr	C
  index(Going => Backward)	Ada
  lastStartOf	E
  lastIndexOf	Java, JavaScript
  last_index_of	Eiffel
  LastIndexOf	C#
  (search substring string :from-end t)	Common Lisp
  [string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch]	Objective-C
  LASTPOS	Classic REXX
  t=strfind(s,p), t(end)	Matlab
  StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[-1]	Maple

Remarks

• (1) when unused
• (2) for C, it is not a standard convention, but it is the more widespread
• (3) any string literal would work
• (4) see also =head1, =head2, =over, etc
• (5) need "file: %script-header.r" in file header
• (6) displayed <- with a special character
• (7) variable on the right
• (8) the variable behaves like a pointer
• (9) cf horizontal layout
• (10) introduce scope
• (11) ascii representation, original uses a special charset
• (12) in Modula-2, <> and # are synonyms
• (13) === and !== differ from == and != when the objects' type differ
• (14) for objects
• (15) normal / structural / unification / arithmetic
• (16) deep comparison
• (17) in List::Util
• (18) Univ operator
• (19) procedure call
• (20) the function is "f: g:"
• (21) in Pliant, special sugar for only one parameter
• (22) f is a block
• (23) when callee has special "&" prototype
• (24) this is a block, not precisely a function, but it's alike
• (25) also works for procedures: proc {$ A B} ... end
• (26) x, y, z are the parameters
• (27) method is optional
• (28) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
• (29) "return" is used when there is no value to return
• (30) in Matlab, only for anonymous function
• (31) the result goes to "e"
• (32) "break"s are mandatory, even for "default"!
• (33) Perl >= 5.8.0
• (34) in Ruby, see also catch/throw
• (35) often provided in the abbreviated form call/cc
• (36) expression "e" is cast to the type of "v"
• (37) quite bad: only the reference is non-mutable whereas the object is still mutable
• (38) eventual send
• (39) properties are something alike attributes, but really are methods
• (40) one level depth
• (41) general deep copy function
• (42) object cloning is the default, uses the copy constructor in C++
• (43) assignment attempt
• (44) does not work on builtin types
• (45) see also callable(obj.meth) for unbound methods
• (46) in Python, usually called self
• (47) ":" is for external symbols only, recommended
• (48) directory name is package name
• (49) if names are exported using @EXPORT
• (50) if names are not exported or are exported using @EXPORT_OK
• (51) deprecated in ANSI Common Lisp, but used in ASDF
• (52) using a correspondance from the package name to the file name
• (53) when using format
• (54) but not using the C-like %-syntax
• (55) adding an end-of-line
• (56) in BourneShell, adding an end-of-line
• (57) adding an end-of-line unless already newline-terminated
• (58) faster than isEqual
• (59) in Lua >= 5.0
• (60) in C++, is range-checked whereas a[i] is not
• (61) ESI dialect